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日本産家猫の骨発育に関する研究 : とくにX線学的ならびに組織学的研究
https://az.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/3257
https://az.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/3257796022e6-b5fd-4a7e-b6c2-c05260cea2b1
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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diss_dv_otsu0181 (22.7 MB)
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diss_dv_otsu0181_jab&rev (366.9 kB)
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diss_dv_otsu0181_jab.pdf (252.9 kB)
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| Item type | 学位論文 / Thesis or Dissertation(1) | |||||
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| 公開日 | 2013-02-13 | |||||
| タイトル | ||||||
| タイトル | 日本産家猫の骨発育に関する研究 : とくにX線学的ならびに組織学的研究 | |||||
| タイトル | ||||||
| タイトル | Radiographic and histological studies on bone growth in Japanese domestic cats | |||||
| 言語 | en | |||||
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| 言語 | jpn | |||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_46ec | |||||
| 資源タイプ | thesis | |||||
| 著者 |
鈴木, 立雄
× 鈴木, 立雄× Suzuki, Tatsuo |
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| 抄録 | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||
| 内容記述 | 軟骨性骨においては，骨幹の骨化はほとんど胎生期にはじまる。ついで，成長の途上に一定の場所において一定の時期に，いわゆる骨端核が出現する。そして，これはやがて骨幹に癒合するのであるが，その時期もほぼ一定している。その部位，発現，癒合の時期に関する知識は，骨X線読影に不可欠の知識である。とくに整形外科分野の疾患では，若い成長期にある動物の骨X線写真は，骨の大きさばかりでなく，骨化の程度にも相違があり，X線像の現われ方も異なるので，常に診断上必要である。 ネコの骨発育に関する研究は，情報に乏しく，BRESSONら〔1959〕およびSMITH〔1968〕の報告をみるが，供試されたネコはいずれも実験例として閉鎖環境下で飼育管理されたものであり，著者が日常臨床上対象とするネコとは趣を異にする。また，わが国でのこれに関する報告はない。 ネコの正常な骨発育過程を知ることは，単に骨年齢を知るに止まらず，栄養性の欠陥，繁殖期の決定，骨疾患の診断あるいは獣医整形外科の分野などに重要な基礎的資料を与えることは勿論のこと，ネコを実験動物として扱う場合などにも応用性の高いものと考えられる。 本研究では，日常診療の対象となる，一般家庭の種々の条件下で飼育管理されているネコを対象に，日本産家猫の骨格発育の評価指針を確立することを目的として，生後1日齢から24ヵ月齢までの生年月日が正確なネコ206頭の四肢骨格をX線写真で観察した。また，X線像の各日月齢の変化の確証のために，成長途上の骨発育に関与する成長帯の変化を，上腕骨頭を用いて組織学的に検索した。その結果，はじめて日本産家猫における四肢骨の骨化の順序を明らかにすることができた。 本研究の結果は以下のとおりである。 I 正常四肢骨格発育のX線所見 1. 前肢骨の発育 1) 肩甲骨:骨体は出生時に存在する。生後1.5～2ヵ月齢で関節上結節と烏口突起部に二つの骨端核が出現する。烏口突起部骨端核は2～2.5ヵ月齢で関節上結節骨核と癒合し，3ヵ月齢で関節上結節骨端核は，肩甲骨体に癒合した。 2) 鎖骨:出生時に存在し，付加的な骨核の出現は認められなかった。 3) 上腕骨:骨幹は出生時に認められた。骨端核の出現は近位端で早く，生後1～7日齢であった。また，その骨幹への癒合は12～14ヵ月齢であった。遠位端では，生後10～25日齢で内・外側顆にそれぞれ一つの骨核が出現，ついで，内・外側上顆にそれぞれ一つの核が出現した。その癒合は遠位骨端で早く，2.5ヵ月齢前後で内・外側上顆部の骨核が内・外側顆に癒合，ついで3～4ヵ月齢で内・外側顆は骨幹に癒合した。 4) 橈骨:骨幹は出生時に存在していた。骨端核の出現は18～25日齢で近位・遠位骨端ほとんど同時であった。その癒合は近位端で4.5～6.5ヵ月齢，遠位端では遅く15～18ヵ月齢であった。 5) 尺骨:骨幹は出生時に存在した。骨端核の出現は遠位骨端でわずかに早く，18～35日齢，遠位骨端で21～35日齢であった。その癒合は近位骨端で10ヵ月齢前後，遠位骨端で15～18ヵ月齢であった。 6) 副手根骨:すべての手根骨は出生時未出現であった。副手根骨の骨核は生後20～25日齢で出現，さらに1～2ヵ月齢で副骨核が出現した。副骨核は4～4.5ヵ月齢で骨核と癒合した。 7) 第3中手骨:すべての中手骨の骨幹は出生時に認められた。骨端核は生後18～25日齢で遠位端に出現，8～9ヵ月齢で骨幹と癒合した。 8) 指骨:すべての指骨は出生時に認められた。 2. 後肢骨の発育 1) 大腿骨:骨幹は出生時に存在する。近位端の骨核は生後3～8日齢に出現，6.5～7ヵ月齢で骨幹と癒合する。遠位端では3～8日齢で内・外側顆にそれぞれ一つの核が出現，6.5～7ヵ月齢で骨幹と癒合した。 2) 膝蓋骨:骨核は生後45～65日齢で出現した。付加的な副骨核の出現は認められなかった。 3) 脛骨:骨幹は出生時に存在した。骨核は近位端に，牛後10～15日齢で，また，脛骨粗面に，30～50日齢で出現した。その癒合は脛骨粗面の骨核が4～6ヵ月齢で近位端の骨端核に，近位端の骨端核は15ヵ月齢前後で骨幹に癒合した。一方，遠位端では，骨端核は生後15日齢前後に出現し，6～9ヵ月齢で骨幹と癒合した。 4) 腓骨:骨幹は出生時に存在していた。近位端の骨核は，30～40日齢で出現し，5.5～7ヵ月齢で骨幹と癒合した。遠位端では，骨核は生後20～25日齢で出現し，9ヵ月齢前後で骨幹に癒合した。 5) 踵骨:出生時に認められた足根骨は，踵骨と距骨であった。踵骨では副骨面が25～40日齢で出現した。それは7ヵ月齢前後で骨核と癒合した。 6) 第3中足骨:四つの中足骨の骨幹は出生時にすべて存在していた。骨端核は生後20～25日齢で遠位端に出現し，9ヵ月齢前後で骨幹と癒合した。 7) 趾骨:すべての趾骨は出生時に存在していた。 II 正常骨格発育の組織所見 1. 骨軟骨接合部の組織像 上腕骨近位端の骨成長帯は，骨軟骨接合部および骨端核辺縁部でみられ，軟骨残余帯，細胞増殖帯，成熟細胞帯および石灰沈着帯を区別することができた。その区別は骨幹端において，より明らかであった。 2. 加齢に伴う成長帯の組織所見 骨成長帯の成長度合は骨幹端，骨端核辺縁部の関節面に面する部分および骨端核辺縁部の骨幹側に面する部分の順であった。その帯幅は，生後30日齢までは，細胞増殖帯および石灰沈着帯の比率が著しく大きく，とくに石灰沈着帯の細胞配列は3～4層であったが，その後は1～2層となった。生後3～4カ月齢以降は，細胞増殖帯，成熟細胞帯および石灰沈着帯の帯幅は減少した。 3. X線所見と組織所見との比較 X線所見で骨端核が固有の形態を現わした生後30日齢までは，細胞増殖帯および石灰沈着帯の比率が著しく大きかった。また，X線所見で骨端核が骨幹の幅に一致する生後3～4ヵ月齢以降では，細胞増殖帯，成熟細胞帯および石灰沈着帯の比率は減少した。X線所見における骨端核の発育と組織所見での成長帯の骨化の過程は，ほぼ一致した。 結論 1. 骨端核の出現は，上腕骨近位端で最も早く7日齢以内である。ついで，15日齢までに上腕骨遠位端，大腿骨近位端，大腿骨遠位端，脛骨近位端の骨端核が，20日齢までに脛骨遠位端，橈骨近位端，橈骨遠位端，尺骨遠位端，中手根遠位端，腓骨遠位端，中足骨遠位端の骨端核が，さらには30日齢までに尺骨近位端および腓骨近位端の骨端核が出現する。 2. 骨端核の出現の時期は，圧迫力を受ける骨端ほど速やかであり，また，遠位骨端より近位骨端が早い。 3. 骨端核の出現には遅速の差はあるが，骨端核が骨幹の幅に一致するのは，いずれの部位においても生後3ヵ月齢前後である。この時期は骨成長帯における細胞増殖帯，成熟細胞帯および石灰沈着帯の比率が減少する時期に一致する。 4. 骨端核と骨幹の癒合する時期は，上腕骨遠位端で最も早く，4ヵ月齢前後である。ついで，橈骨遠位端，大腿骨近位端，腓骨遠位端で7ヵ月齢以内に，中手骨遠位端，脛骨遠位端，腓骨遠位端，中足骨遠位端で9～10ヵ月齢で，大腿骨遠位端，上腕骨近位端で12ヵ月齢前後に，さらには脛骨近位端，橈骨遠位端，尺骨遠位端で最も遅く15～18ヵ月齢でそれぞれ骨端核は骨幹に癒合する。 5. 上腕骨近位端での骨成長帯の成長度合は，骨幹端で最も旺盛である。 6. 骨成熟は性成熟より明らかに遅い。 7. X線学的および組織学的に，日本家猫の骨成熟は生後15～18ヵ月齢である。 本研究で得られた結果は，TabelのとおりでありSMITHの骨成長完了の時期よりも約5ヵ月早い。この差は研究の対象が野外例と実験例との違いによるものであると考えられる。とくに野外例のネコについて加齢に伴う骨端核の骨化の過程を，X線像で明らかにできたことは，種々の骨疾患の診断，治療に多大の意義があり，とくに予後判定に重要な指針となるものと考える。 |
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| Abstract | ||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Other | |||||
| 内容記述 | The skeleton in vertebrate animals has an important function in that it supports and protects the structure of the body. In the process of development of bony tissue most of the skeleton, that is the bones of the trunk, legs, etc., physiologically begin to develop from cartilage during the embryonic peroid. During the peroid of growth, then, the epiphyseal nucleus appears at a certain site at a certain time. It differentiates and enlarges so as to fuse with the diaphysis. This fusion is called an epiphyseal line. The line disappears, and the bone matures at a certain time. The radiographic diagnosis of bone is necessary to understand the complicated process of development and growth of the skeleton regarding the site, appearance of and time of fusion of the epiphyseal nucleus. When radiographic diagnosis is clinically necessary for small animals, it mainly involves examination of the skeleton. Especially, in the case of orthopedic diseases, radiographs of the skeleton of young animals during the peroid of growth are always used in diagnosis because they reveal the different sizes of bone, degrees of ossification of bone, and different images. Usually, 7- to 12-month-old cats which have reached maturity are treated as adult animals both clinically and experimentally, but the skeleton at that age is not completely mature. Therefore, it is inappropriate to consider animals as adults on the basis of sexual maturity. Animals with a mature skeleton should be considered as adults. It is well known that bone growth is an important index for determining the development of animals. Also, bone age is a reliable index for determining biological time. The most applicable method for estimating bone age is to observe radiographically the growth process of the skeleton in accordance with aging, that is, the appearance of the epiphyseal nucleus, the differentiating and enlarging process, and the time when the epiphyseal nucleus completes fusion with the diaphysis. Regarding the growth of the skeleton in accordance with aging, dry human bones have mainly been studied anatomically. Since X-ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, there have been many observations of morphological changes - from the time of appearance of the epiphyseal nucleus to completion of fusion with the diaphysis - mainly based on the date obtained from radiographs of radiocarpal joints. These observation have revealed that bone growth in man stops when he is 18-22 years old. They also can be applied to studies on the growth of infants and adolescents or to the diagnosis and treatment of various bone diseases. On the other hand, there have been radiographic studies on the growth of the skeleton in animals such as horses, sheep, dogs, monkeys, rabbits, mice, etc.; especially, there are many reports on such growth in dogs. There is little information about radiographic studies on the growth of the cat skeleton. Bresson et al. observed the formation of the epiphysis in the long leg bones, Boyd studied the appearance of the center of ossification in the legs in fetal cat skeletons, and Smith studied the appearance and fusion of the epiphyseal nucleus. However, the cats used by these investigators were born in laboratories; that is, they were kept under controlled conditions and were given a steady diet. Therefore, they were different from the cats which the author usually has experience with clinically. It is known that there are differences in the growth of the skeleton in dogs according to conditions and food. In order to establish a policy for the estimation of skeletal growth when diagnosing pet cats, the author observed radiographs of the leg bones in 206 cats 1 day to 24 months old. Also, in order to identify each change in radiographic findings, the process of ossification in the growth zone was histologically examined regarding the development of the growing bone in the humeri caput. Observation of the growth process of the normal skeleton seems not only to reveal bone age but also to provide important basic data for determining nurtritional defects and breeding time, for diagnosing bone diseases, and for veterinary orthopedics. Such observation also seems to provide important data when cats are used as experimental animals. The subjects were 206 Japanese domestic cats ( 87 males and 119 females ) which were not born in laboratories. They were pet cats and were recognized as being healthy clinically. Also, the date of birth was known. Radiographs of the left foreleg bones ( scapula, humeral bone, antebrachial bone, carpal bone, and metacarpal bone ) and of the left hindleg bones ( femoral bone, leg bone, tarsal bone, and metatarsal bone ) were taken anterior-posteriorly and mediallaterally. The criteria for estimating maturity of the epiphyseal nucleus were determined according to Owada & Sutow's classification in which the morphological changes in the epiphyseal nucleus from the time of appearance to maturity in accordance with aging are divided into 11 stages ( 0-10 ). Since some sites did not always show regular stages, however, new stages were determined. The histological changes of the epipysis in accordance with aging were examined in the left humeral caput in 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 60- day-old and 3-, 7-, l2-, and 24-month-old cats which were obtained from their owners. The humeral caput was cut longitudinally on a median plane so as to include the epiphyseal nucleus, and thin slices were prepared by a conventional method and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. By means of digital micrometry, three sites to every preparation were rendomly selected for determination of the width of the growth zone of the epiphysis, which consisted of a zone of residual cartilage, a zone of cell proliferation, a zone of mature cells, and a zone of calcium deposit. The following results were obtained: 1) The epiphyseal nucleus appeared the earliest in the humeral caput. This finding was observed in all of the 7-day-old cats. Subsequently, it appeared in the distal edge of the humerus, in the femoral caput, in the distal edge of the femoral bone, and in the proximal edge of the tibia. Such fingings were observed in all the cats under 15 days of age. 2) The epiphyseal nucleus appeared in the distal edge of the tibia, the proximal and distal edges of the radius, the distal edge of the ulna, the distal edge of the metacarpal bone, the distal edge of the fibula, and the distal edge of the metatarsal bone in the l5- to 20-day-old cats. 3) The epiphyseal nucleus appeared in the ulnar caput and in the proximal edge of the fibula in the 26- to 30-day-old cats and appeared about 15 days later than it did in the humeral bone and the femoral bone. 4) The more the epiphysis was compressed, the earlier the nucleus appeared. In addition, it appeared earlier in the proximal epiphysis than in the distal epiphysis. These phenomena were observed in dogs, and it is interesting to compare the functional growth of each bone between cats and dogs. 5) There was a difference in the time of appearance of the epiphyseal nucleus, but morphological findings peculiar to the epiphysis of each bone were the same within about 3 months at every site. At that time, the ratios of zone of cell proliferation, the zone of mature cells, and the zone of calcium deposit to the width of the growth zone were constant histologically. 6) The fusion of the epiphyseal nucleus and the diaphysis was completed the earliest in the distal edge of the humerus. Fusion was completed in the distal edge of the radius, the femoral caput, and the distal edge of the fibula, respectively, in the cats less than 7 months old. Fusion was completed in the distal edge of the metacarpal bone, the distal edge of the tibia, the distal edge of the fibula, and the distal edge of the metatarsal bone, respectively, in the 9- to 10-month-old cats. 7) The distal edge of the femoral bone and the humeral caput were fused in the cats under 12 months of age while the proximal edge of the tibia and the humeral caput were fused in the cats 15 months of age. However, the epiphyseal line remained in the distal edge of the radius and the ulna of the cats less than 22 months old. 8) The ratios of the zone of cell proliferation, the zone of mature cells, and the zone of calcium deposit to the width of the zone of bone growth in the humeral caput were high in the 3- to 4-month-old cats. 9) The zone of bone growth was observed in the edge of the diaphysis and in the margin of the epiphyseal nucleus. The degree of growth was high in the diaphyseal edge, in the area facing the articular side of the margin of the epiphyseal nucleus, and in the area facing the diaphyseal side of the margin of the epiphyseal nucleus, respectively. 10) The ratios of the zone of cell proliferation and the zone of calcium deposit to the width of the zone of bone growth in the humeral caput were high in the cats less than 20 days old. Especially, the arrangement of cells in the zone of calcium deposit in these cats was 3-4 layers but later decreased to 1-2 layers. 11) Even in the cats approximately 12 months old, the epiphyseal line was slightly revealed by radiography and the growth zone was observed histologically. 12) In domestic animals, the epiphyseal line generally existed until estrus, and it is believed that the line is later replaced by bone. However, when compared to sexual maturity, bones matured late. 13) Radiographically and histologically, the bones of cats not born in laboratories matured when the cats were 15- to l8-month-old. On the basis of the above-mentioned results, a policy for estimating age in accordance with skeletal growth in cats was obtained. According to the results obtained concerning bone growth, bone growth was completed earlier in this study than in Smith's study. The difference seemed to be due to a difference in the cats used ( the ones in this study were pet cats while those in Smith's study were not ). It is very important to radiographically clarify the process of ossification in accordance with aging in the epiphyseal nucleus of pet cats in the diagnosis and treatment of bone diseases and especially in determining the prognosis. |
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| 学位名 | ||||||
| 学位名 | 獣医学博士 | |||||
| 学位授与機関 | ||||||
| 学位授与機関名 | 麻布大学 | |||||
| 学位授与年月日 | ||||||
| 学位授与年月日 | 1981-03-16 | |||||
| 学位授与番号 | ||||||
| 学位授与番号 | 乙第181号 | |||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||
| 出版タイプ | AM | |||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa | |||||
