{"created":"2023-06-19T07:19:17.063275+00:00","id":5304,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"e309f0cc-0bbb-4be2-b1a9-4a761d880a44"},"_deposit":{"created_by":4,"id":"5304","owners":[4],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"5304"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:az.repo.nii.ac.jp:00005304","sets":["370:193:375"]},"author_link":["22943","22942"],"item_10006_date_granted_11":{"attribute_name":"学位授与年月日","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dategranted":"2019-03-15"}]},"item_10006_degree_grantor_9":{"attribute_name":"学位授与機関","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreegrantor":[{"subitem_degreegrantor_name":"麻布大学"}],"subitem_degreegrantor_identifier":[{"subitem_degreegrantor_identifier_name":"32701","subitem_degreegrantor_identifier_scheme":"kakenhi"}]}]},"item_10006_degree_name_8":{"attribute_name":"学位名","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_degreename":"博士(学術)"}]},"item_10006_description_22":{"attribute_name":"Abstract","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"Guide dogs are assistance dogs trained to assist blind and visually impaired people with various difficulties in life. Guide dogs offer multiple benefits to visually impaired people, including increased independence, confidence, and social interactions, that enable the owner to lead a positive life. Over the past decades, many studies have been conducted to investigate various aspects of guide dog selection and training. However, a low success rate in training dogs contributes to large development costs. Considering the long time and high cost of training a successful guide dog, an early understanding of behavioral suitability for guide work in potential guide dogs would be useful for guide dog organizations. Behavioral issues are the primary reason for the rejection of dogs from training among many working dog organizations, e.g., guide dogs for the blind. The aim of this study was to identify dogs best suited to guide dog work by behavioral experiments. All of the experiments were conducted at the China Guide Dog Training Center of Dalian. \n\nPrevious studies using these methods have demonstrated that the activity level and attachment of dogs to the owner are two of important indexes to predict the suitability of the dogs in training. In chapter 1, the passive test was used to test the activity level and attachment of the dogs. Briefly, the passive test includes two 3-minute episodes in which the dogs were placed in an unfamiliar environment, introduced to an unfamiliar (strange) woman, and subjected to separation from their human companion. This study permits us to study both the activity level and attachment of dogs to the owner. After training, 37 failed guide dogs (FGDs) that were not suitable for work as guide dogs (GDs) were identified by the China Guide Dog Training Center of Dalian. In the passive test, the GDs were significantly less active (score at 2.22 ± 0.10) than the FGDs (score at 3.12 ± 0.16), and no significant difference in attachment degree was found between the GDs and the FGDs. However in episode 1, the score of attachment degree of the GDs (3.34 ± 0.15) was significantly higher than that of the FGDs (2.78 ± 0.19), which means that the GDs group had a more stable attachment to their owner. This study indicated that dogs with a lower activity level, secure attachment to their owner are more easily trained as guide dogs.\n\nIn chapter 1, we showed the relationship between temperament test and guide dog training success rate, but in order to investigate the relationship between dog's behavior and success rate of success at an earlier time, in chapter 2, we examined the relation with the result of puppy test and the guide dog prediction success rate (Average value of trainer's questionnaire). The puppy test was made by 10 items 13 variable. The dogs were tested three times at 2 to 3 months, 7 to 9 months of the age at sexual maturity, and 12 to 14 months of the age after returning to the training center. In addition, a questionnaire survey to Puppy Walker was conducted three times according to the experimental period. As the result, positive correlation was found between \"1-1. Anxiety level\" and the guide dog prediction success rate (rs = 0.40, p = 0.03). Also, positive correlation was found between the second time (7 to 9 months old) and the third time (12 to 14 months old) as \"8. Chase instinct of towel\" (second time: rs = 0.44, p = 0.02; third time: rs = 0.41, p = 0.02). Furthermore, in the analysis result of the questionnaire survey to Puppy Walker, since a positive correlation was found between the length of walking time at 3 months of age and \" Chase instinct of towel\" of the second and third time, we thought that the longer walk of Puppy Walker and the dogs at 3 months of age have a positive effect on training guide dogs. In addition, discriminant analysis of three times of puppy tests was performed, and it was possible to discriminate that the prediction success rate was more or less than 80% of the prediction success rate in all three times (correct discrimination rate: 100%). The puppy test and behavior evaluation used in this study can be judged to be valid for evaluating potential guide dogs.\n\nFearfulness was the most common temperament factor for failure of guide dogs during training at the Dalian training center. So, in chapter 3, we made a novel strange stimulation test, examined the relationship between the result and the training success rate. The experimenter suffered a mask of a rhinoceros, wore clothes like a ghost, and attached a speaker (80 to 100 dB) through which a sound of firecrackers flowed in front of the chest. The dog and its trainer were waiting in the room. The experimenter entered the room, while approaching the dog by moving both hands up and down largely on both sides of the body, then left. The experiment was conducted for 3 consecutive days from 14 o'clock to 16 o'clock, after 7 to 10 days vacancy, it was carried out for 2 consecutive days, and a total of 5 times. Furthermore, before and after the experiment, the concentration of cortisol in saliva was measured. In the first time, the average value of the behavioral score of the dog with the prediction success rate of 100% was 2.08 ± 0.29, the fearfulness was higher than the prediction success rate of less than 80% (2.50 ± 0.50), but in the second and third time, the score of the prediction success rate of more than 80% tended to be high, and the prediction success rate of more than 80% (4.00 ± 0.13) was significantly higher than the rate of less than 80% (3.30 ± 0.34) in the fifth time (U = 83, p = 0.03). There was a positive correlation trend between the fluctuation rate of salivary cortisol concentration in the first test and predicted success rate (rs = 0.37, p <0.1). Therefore, it was suggested that in the dogs with a prediction success rate of more than 80%, while increasing the number of presentations of stimuli is possible to decrease the fearfulness.\n\nKnowing a given animal’s motor laterality may be predictive of its fearfulness. First-stepping test was used in chapter 4, to examine the relationship between the result and the training success rate. Overall preference was determined using the lateralization index (LI and z-scores). There was no significant association between the guide dog prediction success rate and motor laterality (H=2.32, p=0.30). But compared LI which already showing results of guide dogs (GD) or failed guide dogs (FGD), GD (29.09 ± 13.32) was significantly higher than FGD (-34 ± 16.53) (t = 2.58, p = 0.02). It was suggested that the dogs with bias right-paw are more easily trained as guide dogs. In addition, there was significant association between the first time of novel strange stimulation test and motor laterality (LI) (rs = - 0.33, p = 0.04). This study indicated that dogs with bias right-paw had moderately fearfulness of the stimulus presented for the first time, furthermore it decreased the fearfulness with the number of presentations, suitable for guide dogs.\n\nIn this study, we could find three evaluation items suitable for guide dog with puppy test. Also, if all 13 items will be implemented, it is possible to judge a dog with a success prediction rate of more than 80% or less than 80%. Furthermore, since there was a new finding on the relationship between the fearfulness and the success rate of guide dog, this study is expected to provide an earlier prediction of guide dog qualification."}]},"item_10006_description_7":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"行動的不適性は、盲導犬や多くの作業犬が不合格になる主な理由である。成功率が低いことは、時間や費用の増大に繋がるため、盲導犬候補犬における行動学的適合性の早期発見は、盲導犬訓練施設にとって役立つであろう。過去数十年にわたり、盲導犬候補犬の選択および訓練について、欧米において多く研究されてきたが、国や地域により盲導犬としての適正基準が異なるため、アジアにおいても研究が必要となる。そこで、本研究では、実験に基づく早期適正判断に有効な手法を明らかにし、盲導犬育成の成功率向上の一助となることを目的として、以下の実験を中国盲導犬大連訓練センターにおいて実施した。\n【第1章】パッシブテスト\n イヌの活動レベルと飼い主への愛着度は、訓練におけるイヌの適性を予測する重要な2つ指標であることが報告されているため、第1章では、パッシブテストを用い、行動スコアと盲導犬育成成功率との関係を検討した。パッシブテストはイヌを未経験の環境に置き、以下の2段階に分けて行った。最初の3分間は候補犬を飼い主(担当訓練士)と未知の女性と一緒に実験室に置いた。次の3分間は飼い主が実験室から出ていき、未知の女性と候補犬を残し、各段階それぞれの活動レベルと愛着度を評価した。なお、訓練後、大連訓練センターによって、29頭が盲導犬として合格(GD)、37頭が不合格(FGD)と判定された。\n その結果、GDの活動レベル(2.22±0.10)はFGD(3.12±0.16)より有意に低かった(P<0.001)。アタッチメントレベルには、両群間に有意差は認められなかったが、飼い主と未知の女性と一緒にいた最初の3分間において、GD(3.34 ± 0.15)はFGD(2.78 ± 0.19)より有意に高く(P<0.05)、飼い主に対してより安定した愛着度を持つと考えられた。この研究により、活動レベルが低く、飼い主に対する安定した愛着度を持つ候補犬は盲導犬としての訓練性に優れることが示唆された。\n 第2章から第4章まで用いた実験対象は2015年10月から2017年5月までに生まれた候補犬であり、中国大連盲導犬訓練センターでは盲導犬の訓練期間はイヌが12ヵ月齢時頃から6~18ヵ月間であるため、結果の解析には「盲導犬の予測成功率」を導入した。大連訓練センターの評価基準により、2018年7月20日現在で合格したイヌを成功率100%とし、行動上の問題で不合格になるイヌを成功率0%とした。訓練中のイヌについて、それまでの訓練状況から、成功の可能性を10%刻みで0から100%まで11段階に分け、12名の訓練士へのアンケート調査を行って予測成功率の平均値を計算した。なお、各個体の担当訓練士の予測値については、値を2人分として計算した。\n【第2章】パピーテスト\n 第1章において、気質テストと盲導犬育成成功率の関係を示したが、より早い時期におけるイヌの行動と育成成功率の関連性を調べるために、第2章では、パピーテストの結果と盲導犬の予測成功率との関係を検討した。10項目13変数のパピーテストを作成し、候補犬の2~3ヵ月齢、性成熟期の7~9ヵ月齢、訓練センターへ戻った直後の12~14ヵ月齢時に3回を行った(n=32)。さらに、パピーウォーカーへのアンケート調査も実験時期に合わせて3回を行った(n=24)。\n その結果、テスト1回目(2~3ヵ月齢)において予測成功率との間に有意な正の相関がみられたのは「不安レベル」(rs=0.40, p=0.03)であった。テスト2回目(7~9ヵ月齢)と3回目(12~14ヵ月齢)において正の相関がみられたのは「動くタオルに対する反応」(2回目:rs=0.44, p=0.02; 3回目:rs=0.41, p=0.02)であった。さらに、パピーウォーカーへのアンケート調査の解析結果において、3~4ヵ月齢時の散歩時間の長さと3回目の「動くタオルに対する反応」との間に正の相関が見られたことから、3~4ヵ月齢時においてパピーウォーカーと候補犬の散歩は長いほうが盲導犬育成に好影響を与えると考えられた。また、3回のパピーテストの判別分析を行ったところ、3回全てにおいて、予測成功率の80%以上と未満との判別が可能であった(正判別率:100%)。本章で用いられたパピーテストおよび行動評価は、盲導犬候補犬を評価するのに妥当性のあるものと判断できる。\n【第3章】新奇刺激テスト\n 大連訓練センターにおいて、2012年1月から2015年10月までの間に、盲導犬として不合格と判定されたイヌ(85頭)の原因を調べたところ、気質的要因の中で最も多かったのは恐怖性(25頭、29.4%)であったため、第3章において、新奇刺激テスト(n=39)を作成し、その結果と育成成功率との関係を検討した。実験者はサイの仮面を被り、ゴーストのような服を着ると同時に、胸の前に爆竹の音が流れるスピーカー(80~100dB)を付けた。候補犬と訓練士が待っている実験室に、実験者はドアから入り、両手を体の両側で大きく上下に動かせながら、候補犬に近寄ってから離れた。実験は3日間連続で14時~16時に行い、7~10日間を空けてから、また2日間連続で行い、計5回を行った。さらに、実験前後において、唾液中コルチゾール濃度の測定を行った。\n その結果、テスト1回目において、予測成功率100%のイヌの行動スコアの平均値は2.08±0.29であり、恐怖性が予測成功率80%未満グループ(2.50±0.50)より高かったが、テスト3回目、4回目には予測成功率80%以上のスコアは高い傾向があり、5回目において予測成功率80%以上(4.00±0.13)は80%未満(3.30±0.34)より有意に高かった(U=83, p=0.03)。テスト1回目における唾液中コルチゾール濃度の変動率と予測成功率との間には正の相関の傾向が見られた(rs=0.37, p<0.1)。これらのことから、刺激の提示回数とともに、予測成功率80%以上の候補犬においては、最初に見られた恐怖性を低下させていくことができることが示唆された。さらに、テスト期間を7日~10日間を空けても、恐怖性は戻らないことも示された。\n【第4章】偏側性テスト\n 第3章では新奇刺激テストにおける候補犬の恐怖性を測定した。イヌの運動偏側性についても、恐怖などの感情反応との関係が報告されているため、第4章においては、イヌの偏側性(n=45)を測定するためにfirst-stepping testを用い、育成成功率との関係を検討した。\n 予測成功率と偏側性の方向に関連は見られなかった(H=2.32, p=0.30)が、すでに盲導犬としての合否の結果が出ているイヌの運動偏側性LIにおいて、合格したイヌ(29.09±13.32)は不合格のイヌ(-34±16.53)より有意に高かった(t=2.58, p=0.02)。LIの値は正の場合は右偏側性傾向であるため、右側偏側性の候補犬のほうが盲導犬訓練に早く成功する可能性が高いことが示唆された。さらに、運動偏側性LIと新奇刺激テストの行動評価の相関を調べたところ、1回目の新奇刺激テストにおける行動評価とは有意な負の相関を示した(rs=-0.33, p=0.04)。右偏側性傾向のイヌは初めて提示された刺激に対して適度の恐怖性を持ち、さらに提示回数とともに恐怖性を低下させていくことができ、盲導犬に適することが示唆された。\n 本研究では、パピーテストを用い、盲導犬に適する3つの評価項目を見いだすことができた。さらに、13項目の全てを実施すれば、成功予測率80%以上と未満のイヌを100%の正判別率で判断できた。さらに、恐怖性と盲導犬育成成功率との関係について、新たな知見が得られたことから、本研究の成果は盲導犬の育成成功率向上の一助となり、今後の盲導犬育成事業に大いに貢献できるものと考えられた。\n"}]},"item_10006_dissertation_number_12":{"attribute_name":"学位授与番号","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_dissertationnumber":"甲第73号"}]},"item_10006_version_type_18":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_access_right":{"attribute_name":"アクセス権","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_access_right":"open access","subitem_access_right_uri":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"張, 珣"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Zhang, Xun","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2019-03-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"diss_da_kou0073.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"2.9 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"diss_da_kou0073","url":"https://az.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/5304/files/diss_da_kou0073.pdf"},"version_id":"13fcb2cc-0cf7-46db-baff-51efa17eb700"},{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2019-03-19"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"diss_da_kou0073_jab&rev.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"183.9 kB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"diss_da_kou0073_jab&rev.pdf","url":"https://az.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/5304/files/diss_da_kou0073_jab&rev.pdf"},"version_id":"a949bb43-8e23-424b-8169-f8a6350fc611"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"doctoral thesis"}]},"item_title":"盲導犬候補犬における行動特性と育成成功率との関係に関する研究","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"盲導犬候補犬における行動特性と育成成功率との関係に関する研究"},{"subitem_title":"Relationship between behavioral characteristics and success rate in training guide dogs for blind","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"10006","owner":"4","path":["375"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2019-04-23"},"publish_date":"2019-04-23","publish_status":"0","recid":"5304","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["盲導犬候補犬における行動特性と育成成功率との関係に関する研究"],"weko_creator_id":"4","weko_shared_id":4},"updated":"2023-06-19T07:41:33.185431+00:00"}